''Garden Cities of To-morrow'' is a book by the British urban planner

Ebenezer Howard Sir Ebenezer Howard (29 January 1850 – 1 May 1928) was an English urban planner and founder of the garden city movement, known for his publication '' To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform'' (1898), the description of a utopian city in whi ...

. When it was published in 1898, the book was titled ''To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform''. In 1902 it was reprinted as ''Garden Cities of To-Morrow''. The book gave rise to the

garden city movement The garden city movement was a 20th century urban planning movement promoting satellite communities surrounding the central city and separated with greenbelts. These Garden Cities would contain proportionate areas of residences, industry, and ...

and is very important in the field of urban design.Anderson, p. 173.

Background

This book offered a vision of towns free of

slum A slum is a highly populated urban residential area consisting of densely packed housing units of weak build quality and often associated with poverty. The infrastructure in slums is often deteriorated or incomplete, and they are primarily inh ...

s and enjoying the benefits of both town (such as opportunity, amusement and high wages) and country (such as beauty, fresh air and low

rent Rent may refer to: Economics *Renting, an agreement where a payment is made for the temporary use of a good, service or property *Economic rent, any payment in excess of the cost of production *Rent-seeking, attempting to increase one's share of e ...

s). Howard illustrated the idea with his "Three Magnets" diagram. His ideas were conceived for the context of a

capitalist Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Central characteristics of capitalism include capital accumulation, competitive markets, price system, priva ...

economic system An economic system, or economic order, is a system of Production (economics), production, resource allocation and Distribution (economics), distribution of goods and services within a society or a given geographic area. It includes the combinati ...

, and sought to balance

individual An individual is that which exists as a distinct entity. Individuality (or self-hood) is the state or quality of being an individual; particularly (in the case of humans) of being a person unique from other people and possessing one's own Maslow ...

and

community A community is a social unit (a group of living things) with commonality such as place, norms, religion, values, customs, or identity. Communities may share a sense of place situated in a given geographical area (e.g. a country, village, tow ...

needs.Sacred-texts.com. Introduction to ''Garden Cities of Tomorrow''. Visited October 20, 2009. Two English towns were built as garden cities,

Letchworth Letchworth Garden City, commonly known as Letchworth, is a town in the North Hertfordshire district of Hertfordshire, England. It is noted for being the first garden city. The population at the time of the 2011 census was 33,249. Letchworth ...

and

Welwyn Welwyn is a village and civil parishes in England, civil parish in Hertfordshire, England. The parish also includes the villages of Digswell and Oaklands, Hertfordshire, Oaklands. It is sometimes referred to as Old Welwyn or Welwyn Village, ...

. Though they did not completely measure up to the

ideal Ideal may refer to: Philosophy * Ideal (ethics), values that one actively pursues as goals * Platonic ideal, a philosophical idea of trueness of form, associated with Plato Mathematics * Ideal (ring theory), special subsets of a ring considere ...

, they provided a model for controlling

urban sprawl Urban sprawl (also known as suburban sprawl or urban encroachment) is defined as "the spreading of urban developments (such as houses and shopping centers) on undeveloped land near a city." Urban sprawl has been described as the unrestricted growt ...

Diagrams from the 1898 edition

File:Howard, Ebenezer, To-morrow.jpg , Ebenezer Howard, ''To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform'' File:Diagram No.1 (Howard, Ebenezer, To-morrow.).jpg , Diagram No.1: The Three Magnets (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.) File:Diagram No.2 (Howard, Ebenezer, To-morrow.).jpg , Diagram No.2 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.) File:Diagram No.3 (Howard, Ebenezer, To-morrow.).jpg , Diagram No.3 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.) File:Diagram No.4 (Howard, Ebenezer, To-morrow.).jpg , Diagram No.4 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.) File:Diagram No.5 (Howard, Ebenezer, To-morrow.).jpg , Diagram No.5 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.) File:Diagram No.6 (Howard, Ebenezer, To-morrow.).jpg , Diagram No.6 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.) File:Diagram No.7 (Howard, Ebenezer, To-morrow.).jpg , Diagram No.7 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)

Diagrams from the 1902 edition

File:Howard-three-magnets.png , Howard's "Three Magnets" diagram which addressed the question "Where will the people go?", the choices being "Town", "Country" or "Town-Country."

Diagrams from the 1922 edition

File:ハワード『明日の田園都市』3版-01.jpg , Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow. File:ハワード『明日の田園都市』3版-02.jpg , Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow. File:ハワード『明日の田園都市』3版-03.jpg , Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow. File:ハワード『明日の田園都市』3版-04.jpg , Diagram No.1 (Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow.) File:ハワード『明日の田園都市』3版-05.jpg , Diagram No.2 (Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow.) File:ハワード『明日の田園都市』3版-06.jpg , Diagram No.3 (Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow.) File:ハワード『明日の田園都市』3版-07.jpg , Diagram No.4 (Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow.)

Notes

References

*Larry Anderson. ''

Benton MacKaye Benton MacKaye ( ; March 6, 1879 – December 11, 1975) was an American forester, planner and conservationist. He was born in Stamford, Connecticut; his father was actor and dramatist Steele MacKaye. After studying forestry at Harvard Unive ...

: Conservationist, Planner, and creator of the Appalachian Trail''. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 2002. *Ebenezer Howard.
Garden Cities of Tomorrow
'. London: S. Sonnenschein & Co., Ltd. 1902. (at Google Books) *Sacred-Texts.com

(HTML edition with introduction). {{Authority control 1898 non-fiction books British non-fiction books Books about urbanism